Italy between 1918 and 1929 Essay Example for Free

Italy between 1918 and 1929 Essay Fascism was born with an ambiguous face, surging from socialist ideas developed in a strong nationalistic way, embracing monarchy and free-trade; it also had expansionist policies. Mussolini himself was in fact socialist, but as his party was not getting as many votes as he expected he shifted to fascism, but reluctantly breaking his links with socialism. The rise and the consolidation of power was done in a superficially legal manner, but a party led by a dictator needs a harsh rule to stay in power and be to some extent ruthless to bring order something Europe needed, specially after the mess created by World War One. By 1900 the process of unification in Italy, the Risorgimento, had largely been completed territorially, but not in any other respect. The vast majority of the population still felt no real attachment to Italy at all, as a result of Italys continuing weakness as a cultural, industrial, military, and colonial power compared to older European states. This resulted in a deepening national inferiority complex and led to various projects for the renewal of nationalism, both from the extreme left and the extreme right. Italy was promised land in the war and joined at the side of the Allies, but in the end it did not gained what it was promised and this was known as the mutilated victory. The political sphere indicated the government in power was vulnerable, the Italians blamed the government for it did not take a stronger stand. Economically, Italy was in a great (fake, as it was believed it was about to collapse) boom. The North seemed to be booming more than the south. The fear of a communist revolution seemed to have given Mussolini an increasing amount of supporters such as the wealthy (who were afraid of the end of private property), the agrari fascists, richer peasants, estate managers and urban professionals joined the communists in a struggle against the revolution. Fascism survived the 1919 crisis due to the Wealthy Milanese help and the unsuccessful anti-fascist general strike in 1922 launched by the socialists. Still, the PNF (Partio Nazionale Fascista) was not able to win power legally so it was decided to promote the March on Rome, ill armed (they could have easily smashed). The King feared the fascist bonds with the army would drive the country into a civil war and gave Mussolini  the Prime Minister post. After 1922 Mussolinis role was to consolidate his power. In the beginning, however, he decided to slowly ensure his power rather than start a complete political revolution, so not to lose the power he now had. To make fascism stronger a combination of elements was necessary: The ras (headed extensive fascist organizations), the fascist left'(ex-syndicalists seeking popular enthusiasm through a national syndicalistic state), the fascist technocrats (who saw fascism as an elitist, modernizing force, nationalists (pushed fascism to a more pro-capitalist and imperialist way) and the conservatives (wanted the party to gain power as well and defended the social-political status-quo). These pressured Mussolini for a complete fascist takeover. It meant Mussolini had to tighten control over the ras and other rebellious supporters. To do so he created the Fascist Grand Council, what strengthened even more the partys position. In the 1923, in an electoral reform, the Acerbo Law was designed. This would give the leading party at the general election two-thirds of the parliamentary seats. At the April 1924 elections fascism led the way. The Acerbo Law proved to be useless as the fascist party legally got the two-thirds seats. It is believed, however that many of the votes were gotten with the use of violence and bribery from the fascist side. This same year a scandal about the Matteotti murder involving fascist came to public notice. It consisted the murder of a socialist murdered by fascists, increasing the anti-fascist movements and making Mussolini more vulnerable. Many boycotted the parliament Aventine Cexxession (what in the end was, in the end, positive for Mussolini) The ras (at this point made consuls), threatened to take Mussolinis position if a move towards dictatorship was not made and it was in 1925 that Mussolini made clear to the parliament (or what remained of it)his intentions as a dictator (the Fundamental Law was created). Even after the Matteotti crisis the King did not ask Mussolini to resign (willingness of conservatives to abandon the fascist movement fearing a left-wing revival). With his own words, Mussolini affirmed in 1925 that to go against him was to  go against the State, aiming at a totalitarian state. In 1927 a circular status that provisional prefects must obey, even by fascist was created and In 1928 the new Electoral Law was applied while the boycotting of the parliament was taking place. It meant that if one wished to become a member of the parliament, this person should first be accepted by the fascists. By 1929 Mussolini had an accumulation of offices 8 ministries. This is known as the Cult of the Duce (cult of leadership) and was given a major importance in the indoctrination process, in giving Italy a national identity. The educational system had a vital change text books became a state monopoly by 1936. two years later racism was thought in classrooms and one year later a fascist School Charter was created. Youth groups were created outside the school sector it was necessary to keep the young ones as far from the older generation as possible.  The older generation had more experience and could represent a threat to the regime. Culture was also controlled by the government. In 1925 a film institute was set up. In 1934 an office to Cinematography was established. The control of the press symbolized the major oppression freedom of expression was taken away from the Italians by 1926, when the Exceptional Decrees suppressed many papers. Two years later compulsory registration of all journalists with the Fascist Journalist Association became obligatory. Linked to the indoctrination process it is possible to see the coercion, the use of force. In 1926 the OVRA was set up and a Special Tribunal for the Defense of the State. The OVRA was the secret police, responsible to eliminate party traitors and enemies. Furthermore, Mussolinis image was essential for the party to maintain control and popularity over Italy. In 1929 the Lateran Pact would establish relations between the Catholic Church and the Italian State, securing wider acceptance of Mussolinis ruling. By this date the fascist dictatorship was reinforced by supporting a repressive legislation and this treaty would be significant to increase Mussolinis popularity and the support for his  regime thus securing his power. Mussolini promised to bring peace to Italy if possible by love, but if necessary by force as he said in a speech in parliament, which made clear the methods he used for consolidation. To conclude, Mussolini was undoubtedly a great speaker, and the Italians believed he would de the one to bring respect and importance to Italy in a world wide manner. Nevertheless, up to 1926 Mussolini was seeking power through aggressive ways to consolidate his power as quickly as possible, as his fellow communists pressured him to do. From this date onwards, he felt more secure and based himself on persuasive methods to stay in power. Squadristi violence was the most common among the fascists, but censorship can also be considered as an aggression towards the Italian people. Other parties were outlawed, alarming people of the danger to stand up against the party.

Love and Money in Kurt Vonneguts God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater :: God Bless You Mr. Rosewater

Love and Money in Kurt Vonnegut's God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater "A sum of money is a leading character in this tale about people, just as a sum of honey might properly be a leading character in a tale about bees." (p.7) God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater; or Pearls Before Swine is a satirical story of a millionaire Eliot Rosewater, the president of a fabulously rich Rosewater Foundation, who suffers from total love for all humanity. He decides to go his own way and moves with his money to Rosewater, Indiana. There he becomes a volunteer fireman (one of his obsessions) and opens an office where he helps all people who need help. A lot of people, however, don't approve of Eliot's behavior (his father, for instance, and many many influential and powerful people who are somehow concerned). They look for a way to deprive Eliot Rosewater of his presidential post and, thus, to save the money from being spent on dirty people. The most obvious way is to prove Eliot's insanity. God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater is Kurt Vonnegut's fifth novel and, I daresay, it is his most positive and humane work yet. As you might guess from the quote in the beginning of this essay, it is a book about money. Kurt Vonnegut managed to write a book about money and love without the ugly word versus between them. It shows that money and love can exist together. Mr. Eliot Rosewater is an example of a man who found his own answers, who re-invented himself and the world he was living in, who dumped the future that had been carefully planned for him, and who started to love people and help them with the inherited millions. "...we may not be able, Vonnegut is saying, to undo the harm that has been done, but we can certainly love, simply because they are people, those who have been made useless by our past stupidity and greed, our previous crimes against our brothers. And if that seems insane, then the better the world for such folly..." (John R. May) The novel tells us that we do not have to accept the world as it is, that we can find our own, individual answers to everything and, if not change the world (the book does not end with a promise of a perfect world), then at least help it. And Eliot succeeds. Even though he is considered to be crazy, he helps hundreds of people in need.

Attitudes Towards Death in “The Lottery” and Death Knocks

Attitudes Towards Death in â€Å"The Lottery† and Death Knocks â€Å"The Lottery† and Death Knocks are two stories that mainly deal with death. â€Å"The Lottery† is about a small town that holds a lottery every year where the winner of the lottery is stoned to death by the rest of the town. In Death Knocks, death visits a man named Nat and tells him it is hit time to go. Nat plays death in a game of gin rummy where he wins so death has to give him another day to live.The attitudes towards death in these two stories are mainly quite different, however there are a few things that are similar. Death Knocks has a more realistic view of death because in â€Å"The Lottery† the towns people act as if being picked to die for no reason is not a big deal. Death Knocks and â€Å"The Lottery† have very different attitudes towards death. In Death Knocks, when Nat is told that he is going to die he says that he is not ready. Nat implies that he is not ready to d ie.In â€Å"The Lottery† the whole town acts as though being chosen to die is just another part of their everyday lives. The townspeople act as if the lottery is not a big deal. They all talk to each other and act calmly, then when the winner is picked they carry on with the stoning without hesitating. In Death Knocks Nat states that he has a wife and he wants to talk to her. In â€Å"The Lottery† Bill Hutchinson does not hesitate at all to point out that his wife is the one that won the lottery. This shows that the attitude towards death of spouses is completely different.In Death Knocks Nat cares about his spouse but in â€Å"The Lottery† Bill Hutchinson acts as if his wife dying is no big deal. There aren't very many similarities in these two stories but if looked at closely one small similarity can be found. When Nat is told he is going to die he says he is not ready. In â€Å"The Lottery† it seems as though everyone is okay with dying. However when i t comes down to it and Mrs. Hutchinson is about to be stoned she says â€Å"it isn't fair†. This shows that deep down she really does want to live.Just like Nat in Death Knocks. Both â€Å"The Lottery† and Death Knocks have very different attitudes towards death but Death Knocks is a more realistic attitude. In â€Å"The Lottery† the town deals with death almost as if it is a game. For no reason someone is picked to be killed. In Death Knocks Nat does not want to die, right from the very beginning of the story. In today's society there is no way that people being killed for no reason would ever be tolerated or accepted. This is why Death Knocks has a more realistic attitude towards death.

Leadership in Business Free Essay Example, 1500 words

It is evidently clear from the discussion that the current competition in the business world needs business leaders who can come up with modern ideas of business administration because things have changed and the more a business leader turns innovative, the more the business becomes competitive in the market. The CEO of Intuit , Brad Smith, brings out an example of innovation. Intuit is an organization that provides mid-sized businesses, institutes of finance, consumers, and accountants with solutions to financial management. Through his innovativeness, Intuit s CEO brought the idea of the consumer tax- preparation software that has substituted the traditional methods of financial management. Quick books and other financial management systems are most common in today s business world due to their effectiveness. It is only through being innovative that a business leader will come up with new business ideas that can improve the success of a business. Perseverance is the ability to w ithstand challenges. Any business leader who wishes to be successful has to be able to face any challenge they encounter. The competition in the market does not need a leader who would close their business in case they face challenges, instead of fighting back. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership in Business or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Anne Mulcahy, the CEO of Xerox Company displayed perseverance when the company was facing high economic inflation. The company was making very low profits but its expenses were relatively high. She came in as a CEO at this time when she had little knowledge about finances. When she asked for advice, her advisors told her to declare the company bankrupt. She instead chose to restore the company. Although the company had many debts and almost collapsed, even the advice given were all negative, she chose not to follow the advice and later rescued the company and restored it to its original status but under new management. It calls for a lot of patience and perseverance for a business to succeed and if the leader lacks the quality, they will definitely quit.

Meditation Six By Edward Taylor Essay - 818 Words

Edward Taylor’s â€Å"Meditation Six† uses a coin-based conceit to explore the ambivalence of the persona; using the coin, Taylor describes his spiritual value to God in material terms. The first stanza reflects an uncertainty within Taylor about his worth to God. He equates himself to gold, asking if he is â€Å"thy gold† (1) or merely a vessel for God’s wealth—the congregation. The speaker worries he may only appear to be worthful to God, but he is worthless underneath and â€Å"brass in heart,† alluding to the Brazen Serpent of the Bible. Working through his ambivalence, the speaker compares the impression of the grace of God to the stamp on a coin, and he asks if God has left such an impression on him, stamping value onto worthless metal. Taylor writes that he is â€Å"a golden angel† in God’s hand, meaning he is valuable to God, which ends his ambivalence as he concludes that he is worthful as a man. In the final stanza, th e speaker asks God to make his soul the plate, a blank coin, onto which God stamps value with his â€Å"superscription in a holy style† (16). The speaker then becomes a coin with value to God, part of God’s hoard, whereby Taylor acknowledges that he is one of many. A surrender ends the conceit and poem, the speaker asks if he may be an angel, period slang for an English coin, in God’s eyes and if God may be his Lord. 3. The harsh and unyielding tone of â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God† is created by the powerful imagery and the address of the congregation. The firstShow MoreRelatedEarly American Literature2012 Words   |  9 Pagespray. Then while we live, in love let s so persevere That when we live no more, we may live ever. Like Anne, Edward Taylor (1642- 1729) was born in England and wrote poetry for his own pleasure and relief. He is considered to be the finest poet in colonial American Literature. In 1668, unwilling to sign a loyalty oath to the Church of England, he sailed to New England, America. Edward was the son of a yeoman farmer, and went to Harvard for higher education in divinity. In 1671, he became a pastorRead MoreThe Hindu Faith is an indigenous theology and philosophy of India spanning thousands of years.800 Words   |  4 Pagesprayers and relay instructional information. Aranyakas and Upanishads propose speculative theologies and philosophical concepts. Long-practiced traditions and cultural behaviors determine the specific school of philosophy each Hindu will follow. Six major schools of philosophy exist within Hinduism. Each school, or DarÅ›ana, is separate from the others, but they are all centered on verses in the Vedas. 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The sestet occupies the remaining six lines of the poem, and typically follows a rhyme scheme of CDCDCD, or CDECDE. The octave and the sestet are usually contrasted in some key way: for example, the octave may ask a question to which the sestet offers an answer. In the following PetrarchanRead MoreSpiritual Formation Across the Lifespan Essay7723 Words   |  31 Pagesa more fluid consideration in which particular themes are revisited throughout life. James Fowler (1981) has drawn from a deep psychological understanding of human development and crafted a model of spiritual development containing a pre-stage, and six subs equent stages of faith, which holds true to many of the assumptions of the traditional stage-models. 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Infection presents as a purulent discharge or a painful erythema, indicative of cellulitis (Peel and Taylor, 1991). Risk factor such as old age, diabetes patient, emergency procedure, smoking, immune system disorders, cancer, human immunodeficiency virus infection, malnutrition and paralysis (Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 2005). 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Some characters are given names that suggest their dominant or controlling traits, as, for example, Edward Murdstone (in Dickens’ David Copperfield) and Roger Chillingsworth (in Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter). Both men are cold-hearted villains their names suggest. Other characters are given names that reinforce (or sometimes are in contrast to) theirRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 Pagesbarbershop. He played the nickelodeon and listened to street musicians playing the blues. Mary Langston was a devoted grandmother to her grandson. (Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library) In 1908, six-year-old Langston moved to Topeka to live with his mother in an apartment over a plumbing shop. Jim Hughes sometimes sent Carrie money for Langstons expenses, but it was never enough. One of Langstons chores was to scour the alley for scrap lumber

Skin Deep Americ A Free Country Of Freedom, Prosperity,...

Skin Deep America America has been viewed by many countries as the land of freedom, prosperity, and opportunity. We have been seen as the â€Å"melting pot† of the world where everyone, no matter what their race, can coexist in harmony. This statement, however, can be contradicted in many ways regarding the mistreatment of other races by caucasians, in the past as well as the present. Many people view America as a free country for all, but some people still face oppression, especially African Americans, even in today’s modern society. This can obviously be demonstrated in our history; which is corrupted with slavery, segregation, and white supremacy. Our country was literally built by whites, and for whites, on the breaking backs of African Americans, who were the driving labor force for the developing nation. Slavery was the fuel for the burning fire that is racism. Former slaves then struggled for civil rights and equality, as well as safety, which is even neg lected today. Often, many white people overlook racism as a mistake that’s well in the past, when in reality it is still a harmful, oppressive idea that harms and discriminates against many black’s careers, families, and lifestyle. Media today is painted red with the blood of innocent African Americans killed by racist authorities. This causes our country to not be viewed as a whole, but a segregated body still rampant with discrimination. But first, to understand the present, we must look at the past. No

Pro-Gun Speech free essay sample

Imagine you are in your house, it’s nighttime, and you are about to turn in for the night. Suddenly, you hear a sound from the front door, but you’re not expecting anybody. You become suspicious and worry, for what awaits behind the door? You fear for your family, your little three-year-old baby girl. As an instinct, as a parent, what is the first thing you grab? Not your son’s baseball bat or your golf club, what if the intruder is a burly, six foot tall man? Anything aside from your dependable gun, you feel, would be ineffective to the safekeeping of your precious family and security of your loving home.You grab your gun and stand in front of your family. Your spouse begins to cry and holds your children tightly within their arms. Suddenly you hear a pound, a crisp crackle, and a shout from behind you. We will write a custom essay sample on Pro-Gun Speech or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You hear the intruder stalk down the hall to the room where you and your family wait, and soon he stands facing you in the doorway. The door creaks open, you hear a click from his gun, and he opens the door. He looks at you, and he realizes you have a gun pointed at his chest. He begins to run away. Now, at this point, would you not be glad that you had this reliable gun?Guns aren’t the catalyst of crime ladies and gentlemen. Criminals are. The problem is NOT the gun control, but the criminal control. Don’t you agree that any disturbed person is far more dangerous than a loaded gun? A gun is predictable, while a disturbed person is not. To begin with, guns aren’t the ONLY source of crime in America. There are many fatal car accidents as well, and they kill around 40,000 people annually, so should we ban cars too? Should anything and everything that causes deaths be banned as well?The government and the anti-gun lobby need to understand that guns should not be blamed for everything and people should be trusted with guns. No matter which tool is used in the homicide, the bottom line remains the same. Weapons do not kill people; people kill people. Moreover, just because gun laws are made tighter then they already are doesn’t mean that crime levels will go down. For example, Washington D. C. has had a handgun ban for over thirty years, yet they are known as the â€Å"murder capital† of the United States. The truth is criminals won’t follow the laws—that’s kind of what makes them criminals.As Thomas Jefferson said, â€Å"The laws that forbid the carrying of guns disarm only those who are neither inclined nor determined to commit crimes. Can it be supposed that those who have the courage to violate the most sacred laws of humanity†¦will respect the less important ones†¦such laws make things worse for the assaulted and better for the assailants. They serve rather to encourage than to prevent homicides, for an unarmed man may be attacked with greater confidence than an armed man. † Finally, the right to keep and bear arms may make citizens more responsible and trustworthy.For example, to have a firearm in your possession, it takes a tremendous amount of self-control to stop yourself from shooting someone or something randomly. It also takes responsibility to keep track of the gun and make sure that it does not fall into the wrong hands. A true American would make sure to keep the gun hidden if taken into public, and make sure that the gun isn’t stolen. Lastly, owning a gun could make anyone a better person because having a gun in their home would give them a sense of reassurance, which would most likely lead to a good nights sleep.Others who do not own a gun are often kept up by common noises they hear next door, thinking that a robber is at their doorstep. I have personal experience with that. The day after Christmas a couple years ago, a robbery took place in my home. The robber(s) stole all of my parent’s valuable possessions, and though my room looked as if it were rummaged through, my items were untouched. My family was lucky we weren’t home at the time. However, in the nights following I do admit that my family was extremely paranoid and worried that the robber(s) would come again.It was at this time that I wished my family had a gun to prevent any more robberies/break-ins. I would spend hours in bed, often up till 3 A. M. thinking about it, and making me incapable of concentrating on anything the next day. If we had a gun though, I would be a little less paranoid and I would definitely get a better sleep. My opponents may tell you that new laws made to control guns are proven to reduce crime and homicide rates. Well, if this fact is true, why is it that Washington D. C. ’s crime rate is 69 per 100,000 due to gun bans, and Indianapolis’ rate of 9 per 100,000 is due to a lack of gun control.